Poststructuralism and Feminism

Poststructuralism and Feminism Poststructuralism and Feminism? Poststructuralism and Feminism? Academic Discipline: Womens Studies Course Name: Gender Studies Assignment Subject: Poststructuralism and Feminism?: De-essentializing Without Difference? Towards a Foucauldian Feminist Theory Academic Level: Graduate Referencing Style: APA Word Count: 2,050 The ideas of Michel Foucault have profoundly influenced and altered the development of feminist theory. As second-wave feminists were confronted for their exclusionary and unitary vision of women, new queries about unitary ‘truths’ and grand narratives were being posed by Foucault. At that time, Foucaults ideas about power and subjectivity provided a fitting response to feminism’s crisis in identity politics while also offering feminists theorists with new ways of looking at the world (Francis, 2001). His writings on sexuality and the body seemed germane to feminist goals of explicating how power operates on subjectified bodies in disciplinary and localized ways. And, his rupturing of the socially constructed partiality in modernist philosophical and political texts, and in methods used in the human sciences also aligned with feminist aims to challenge androcentric essentialist claims about women’s capacities. For these reasons, a Foucauldian feminism began to emerge, albeit adapted at times, and his lack of attention to gender notwithstanding, which has led to a prolific body of feminist scholarship. Not all feminists welcomed this emergent framework, arguing that Foucault’s fracturing of the subject undermines the goal of feminist liberation. This paper will explore the theoretical tension between Foucault and feminism, beginning with the points of convergence and utility. Critiques of a Foucauldian feminism will then be mapped out, followed by reconciliatory efforts and responses. In doing so, this paper will elucidate the ways in which a Foucauldian feminism is not only relevant, but also offers an expansive and inclusive vision of women and their experiences in localized operations of power. From Foucault to Feminism: Power, Sexuality and Subjectivity Foucault’s early reception among feminists was generally favorable. His attention to the subject helped theorize a timely response to allegations of feminism’s homogenized and exclusionary identity (Deveaux, 1994) while also echoing feminist goals of making the personal political (Amigot Pujal, 2009). However, as feminist theorists began engaging more closely with his works, it quickly became evident that his views on gender were ambivalent at best. For example, in the History of Sexuality (Volume 1), he explicitly noted that disciplinary practices have made female bodies ‘hysterically marked,’ yet he offered no explanation as to what these practices are and how they operate on women’s bodies (King, 2004). There has also been no paucity of accusations of Foucault’s sexist, if not misogynistic comments about gender. Of frequent note are comments in a 1977 essay for a Parisian anti-psychiatry group that punishments for rape should be the same as those for physical violenc e “and nothing but that” (Heyes, 2013). Views on women aside, Foucault’s explication of subjectivity in determinations of ‘truth’ by regimes of power have had a significant impact among feminist and social theorists (Amigot Pujal, 2009). His rupturing of ‘rational’ and ‘objective’ approaches to scientific inquiry, provided an important window through which feminist researchers could (finally) expose the masculinist and essentialist worldviews had legitimized their subjugation (Francis, 2001). Foucault’s analyses with regards to knowledge claims more broadly, such those in modern literary and philosophical texts that constructed and reinforced power relations were also fruitful for a feminist epistemology to emerge (Davies Gannon, 2005). As he wrote, “Each society has its regime of truth, its ‘general politics’ of truth”, determined by “the mechanisms and instances which enable one to distinguish true and false statements, the means by which each is sanctioned, the techniques and procedures accor ded value in the acquisition of truth; the status of those who are charged with saying what counts as true” (Foucault, 1980, p. 131). Conversely, these politics of truth enable modes of thinking and being that deviate from established norms to appear as “abnormal” or “irrational,” and thus warranting sanction (Taylor, 2013). Foucault’s writings on sexuality and the body also offered feminists with a new understanding of the complex workings of power. For example, in Discipline and Punish (1975), he draws from Marx, in pointing to a “political economy of the body,” but refutes Marx’s over-attention to the state in noting this political economy is an intricate “micro physics of power” through which bodies are disciplined (Schrift, 2013). Foucault (1977, p. 138-139) explains these disciplinary practices as “a policy of coercions that act on the body, a calculated manipulation of its elements, its gestures, its behavior,” broken down and rearranged so that “discipline produces subjected and practiced bodies, ‘docile’ bodies.” For feminists, such an analysis offered an understanding that went beyond the simplicity of the state to more insidious forms of discursive versus grand structures of power and control (Deveaux, 1994). Beginning in the 1980s, feminist works inspired by Foucault have explored the disciplinary and normalizing technologies and practices that produce feminine bodies in essentialist and over-deterministic ways (Amigot Pujal, 2009). In a similar vein, Foucault’s writings on sexuality and the discourses that operate to normalize its domination have attracted many feminist theorists. In the History of Sexuality (Volume 1), he pays particular attention to how sexuality shifted within modern regimes of power and the proliferation of discourses that subjectify and produce docile bodies (Deveaux, 1994). In pointing to the culturally constructed nature of these bodies and of sex, Foucault also ruptured the legitimization of essentialism, and it is this idea that remains one of his greatest contributions to feminism (Falzon, OLeary Sawicki, 2013). In many ways, this allowed feminists to challenge modern assumptions about sexuality and the female body which were understood as inevitable and natural (Davies, 2008). Moreover, Foucault’s explication of the socially constructed nature of women’s bodies and sexuality has proven useful for many feminist theorists to expose the falsehood of sexist stereotypes which were profoundly at odds with women’s lived realities (Mills, 2003). The influential work of feminist Sandra Lee Bartky that has prompted a myriad of works from other feminists was premised on a Foucauldian analysis in identifying the ways in which societal and cultural norms about the idealized woman are oppressive to women, regulated through disciplinary practices and industries such as dieting, cosmetics and fashion (Geerts, 2016). By bringing power to the micro level, through the operation of “micro-physics,” feminists were provided with new ways of understanding and challenging it. Rather than viewing power unilinearly, he illuminated the ways in which individuals are both objects and subjects in its operation. For Foucault (1980, p. 98), subjects of power “are not it’s inert or consenting target; they are always the elements of its articulation. In other words, individuals are the vehicles of power, not its points of application. In many of his later writings, he expanded upon the ways in which subjects can be vehicles of power through micro possibilities for resistance. Foucault (1998, p. 95-6) further asserts that resistance exists wherever there is normalisation and domination, and that “if it is exerted on ‘micro levels’ it can be contested on micro levels; there is “no single locus of great Refusal” but a “plurality of resistances” (King, 2004, p. 37). Thus, rather than seek emanc ipation through overturning systems of the state, such as patriarchy and/or capitalism, Foucault provided feminists with a vocabulary of resistance (Mills, 2003) that opened up possibilities of doing and thinking otherwise (Allen, 2013). Problematizing and Reconciling Foucault’s Fragmented Subject While Foucault’s conceptualization of power, subjectivity and resistance resonated among many feminist theorists, others have argued that it is insufficient for feminist ends. More specifically, criticisms have been raised about his lack of elaboration of the practices of and degrees to which liberation are afforded to subjects (Amigot Pujal, 2009). This is particularly problematic for many feminists who reject Foucault’s vision of emancipation, such as Hartsock (1990) who suggests resistance is strained at best by reducing women to ‘docile’ bodies and victims of disciplinary technologies. Moreover, this reduction, coupled with Foucault’s perspective on the micro operation of power has been challenged as decentres the experiences of the subject (i.e. women) as well as goals to challenge systemic injustice and oppression (Deveaux, 1994). In other words, his diffuse conception of power prevents the existences of a localized gendered inequality and an identification of an ope rative antagonism to organize against (Amigot Pujal, 2009). Indeed, challenging the micro exertions of power is a departure from established feminist theoretical traditions. However, by highlighting the complex entanglements with power does not mean that Foucault refutes the existence of power and the importance of resistance altogether (Allen, 2013). In other words, Foucault’s ideas do not deny global situations and systems of domination, such as male domination, but points to the heterogeneity and complexity in the operation of power and in possible modes of resistance (Amigot Pujal, 2009). Thus, for Foucault, regimes of power function to limit, or at times eliminate the range of possible subjectivities and discursive practices available to individuals (Davies, 2008). Moreover, Foucault’s attention to the subject also opens up possibilities for self-agency, enabling reflexive awareness of discursive practices and positionality that was otherwise unavailable (Davies Gannon, 2005). In that reflexivity, and in the range of possible subje ctivities, Foucault also provides a more liberating view of gender in not unitarily positioning all women as powerless all of the time, caused in any simple way by mens possession of unwavering power (Falzon, OLeary Sawicki, 2013). As such, Foucauldian feminist theorists and researchers see change as ‘transformative quest’ as opposed to an emancipatory agenda that aims to expand the range of subjectivities available to women (Baxter, 2008). Another central criticism of Foucault is his fracturing of the subject, as without unified gendered subject, it is difficult, if at all possible to make claims for and political demands on behalf of women (McLaren, 2002). Feminist theories such as Nancy Harstock have voiced some vehement critiques of a destabilized gender subject. As Hartsock (1990, p. 163) asks, “Why is it just at the moment when so many of us who have been silenced begin to demand the right to name ourselves, to act as subjects rather than objects of history, that just then the concept of sujbecthood becomes problematic?” Similarly, Brown (1995) problematizes Foucault’s fragmented subject as it offers no critique of vision of collective struggle, or grounds for activist efforts. In other words, the notion of “womanhood” appears to be indispensable to feminism as it is the fundamental basis of feminist thought, without which there would be no feminism (Francis, 1999). Feminist theorists that have embraced a Foucauldian perspective suggest such critiques are premised upon a limited and exclusionary politics that emerged in feminism’s second-wave. As Butler (1990: 148) aptly notes, “a feminist identity politics that appeals to a fixed feminist subject, presumes, fixes and constrains the very ‘subjects that it hopes to represent and liberate.” To reject such fragmentation would also deny that feminists have discriminated against other women, and that power relations and inequalities exist between women, just as they also exist between women and men (Francis, 2001). It would also ignore an understanding and analysis of the ways in which gendered relations of power intersect with other oppressive regimes, as Third-Wave and postcolonial feminisms have demonstrated (Amigot Pujal, 2009). Furthermore, Foucauldian feminists point out that by illuminating heterogeneity and differences among women, there is a freedom binary constructions, not only of female/male, but those such as gay/straight, Caucasian/racialized, etc. that have been used to grant normalcy, and conversely deviancy and irrationality (Davies Gannon, 2005). As this paper has illustrated, the relationship between Foucault and feminism has been a tenuous one, inciting some of the fractures within the movement itself. Indeed, his critiques of modern conceptions of reason and truth have resulted in a feminist double bind (Allen, 2013). Those that use Foucauldian concepts for feminist aims have found his analyses of the micro workings of power, whether through modern texts, disciplinary or discursive practices helpful to bring about a more complex and inclusive understanding of gender on localized levels. Those that contest his ideas suggest his denial of structural bases of power, and of a shared gendered inequality resulting from such power are insufficient to accomplish any kind of feminist emancipatory ends. While there is no denying that a Foucauldian feminist theory has complicated, if not undermined the possibility of a feminist representational ‘truth,’ and his works are not without flaws, he has offered feminism with an enrich ed and inclusive vision of gender and new tools for understanding and challenging the intricate workings of power. References: Allen, A. (2013, September). Feminism, Foucault, and the critique of reason: Re-reading the history of madness. Foucault Studies, 16, 15-31. Amigot, P. Pujal, M. (2009). On power, freedom, and gender: A fruitful tension between Foucault and feminism. Theory Psychology, 19(5), 646â€"669. Baxter, J. (2008). Feminist post-structuralist discourse Analysis â€" A new theoretical and methodological approach? In K. Harrington, L. Litosseliti, H. Sauntson, J. Sunderland (Eds.), Gender and language research methodologies (pp. 245-255). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Brown, W. (1995). Postmodern exposures, feminist hesitations in states of injury: Power and freedom in late modernity. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble and the subversion of identity. London: Routledge Davies, B. (2008), ‘Re-thinking ‘‘behaviour’’ in terms of positioning and the ethics of responsibility,” in A.M. Phelan and J. Sumsion (Eds.) Critical readings in teacher education: Provoking absences (pp. 173â€"86). Netherlands: Sense Publishers. Davies, B. Gannon, S. (2005). Feminism/Poststructuralism. In B. Somekh C. Lewin (Eds.), Research methods in the social sciences (pp. 318-325). UK: Sage Publishers. Deveaux, M. (1994, Summer). Feminism and Empowerment: A Critical Reading of Foucault Feminist Studies, 20(2), 223-247. Falzon, C., OLeary, T., and Sawicki, J. (2013). Introduction. In C. Falzon, C. O’Leary and J. Sawicki (Eds.). A companion to Foucault (pp 1-7). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Francis, B. (1999). Modernist reductionism of post-structuralist relativism: Can we move on? An evaluation of the arguments in relation to feminist educational research. Gender and Education, 11(4), 381-393. Francis, B. (2001). Beyond postmodernism: Feminist agency in educational research. In B. Francis and C. Skelton (Eds.), Investigating gender: Contemporary perspectives in education (pp. 1-7). Buckingham: Open University Press Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison, trans. A. Sheridan, (Ed.). Harmondsworth: Peregrine. Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977. C. Gordon (Ed.). New York: Pantheon Books. Poststructuralism and Feminism Poststructuralism and Feminism? Poststructuralism and Feminism? Academic Discipline: Womens Studies Course Name: Gender Studies Assignment Subject: Poststructuralism and Feminism?: De-essentializing Without Difference? Towards a Foucauldian Feminist Theory Academic Level: Graduate Referencing Style: APA Word Count: 2,050 The ideas of Michel Foucault have profoundly influenced and altered the development of feminist theory. As second-wave feminists were confronted for their exclusionary and unitary vision of women, new queries about unitary ‘truths’ and grand narratives were being posed by Foucault. At that time, Foucaults ideas about power and subjectivity provided a fitting response to feminism’s crisis in identity politics while also offering feminists theorists with new ways of looking at the world (Francis, 2001). His writings on sexuality and the body seemed germane to feminist goals of explicating how power operates on subjectified bodies in disciplinary and localized ways. And, his rupturing of the socially constructed partiality in modernist philosophical and political texts, and in methods used in the human sciences also aligned with feminist aims to challenge androcentric essentialist claims about women’s capacities. For these reasons, a Foucauldian feminism began to emerge, albeit adapted at times, and his lack of attention to gender notwithstanding, which has led to a prolific body of feminist scholarship. Not all feminists welcomed this emergent framework, arguing that Foucault’s fracturing of the subject undermines the goal of feminist liberation. This paper will explore the theoretical tension between Foucault and feminism, beginning with the points of convergence and utility. Critiques of a Foucauldian feminism will then be mapped out, followed by reconciliatory efforts and responses. In doing so, this paper will elucidate the ways in which a Foucauldian feminism is not only relevant, but also offers an expansive and inclusive vision of women and their experiences in localized operations of power. From Foucault to Feminism: Power, Sexuality and Subjectivity Foucault’s early reception among feminists was generally favorable. His attention to the subject helped theorize a timely response to allegations of feminism’s homogenized and exclusionary identity (Deveaux, 1994) while also echoing feminist goals of making the personal political (Amigot Pujal, 2009). However, as feminist theorists began engaging more closely with his works, it quickly became evident that his views on gender were ambivalent at best. For example, in the History of Sexuality (Volume 1), he explicitly noted that disciplinary practices have made female bodies ‘hysterically marked,’ yet he offered no explanation as to what these practices are and how they operate on women’s bodies (King, 2004). There has also been no paucity of accusations of Foucault’s sexist, if not misogynistic comments about gender. Of frequent note are comments in a 1977 essay for a Parisian anti-psychiatry group that punishments for rape should be the same as those for physical violenc e “and nothing but that” (Heyes, 2013). Views on women aside, Foucault’s explication of subjectivity in determinations of ‘truth’ by regimes of power have had a significant impact among feminist and social theorists (Amigot Pujal, 2009). His rupturing of ‘rational’ and ‘objective’ approaches to scientific inquiry, provided an important window through which feminist researchers could (finally) expose the masculinist and essentialist worldviews had legitimized their subjugation (Francis, 2001). Foucault’s analyses with regards to knowledge claims more broadly, such those in modern literary and philosophical texts that constructed and reinforced power relations were also fruitful for a feminist epistemology to emerge (Davies Gannon, 2005). As he wrote, “Each society has its regime of truth, its ‘general politics’ of truth”, determined by “the mechanisms and instances which enable one to distinguish true and false statements, the means by which each is sanctioned, the techniques and procedures accor ded value in the acquisition of truth; the status of those who are charged with saying what counts as true” (Foucault, 1980, p. 131). Conversely, these politics of truth enable modes of thinking and being that deviate from established norms to appear as “abnormal” or “irrational,” and thus warranting sanction (Taylor, 2013). Foucault’s writings on sexuality and the body also offered feminists with a new understanding of the complex workings of power. For example, in Discipline and Punish (1975), he draws from Marx, in pointing to a “political economy of the body,” but refutes Marx’s over-attention to the state in noting this political economy is an intricate “micro physics of power” through which bodies are disciplined (Schrift, 2013). Foucault (1977, p. 138-139) explains these disciplinary practices as “a policy of coercions that act on the body, a calculated manipulation of its elements, its gestures, its behavior,” broken down and rearranged so that “discipline produces subjected and practiced bodies, ‘docile’ bodies.” For feminists, such an analysis offered an understanding that went beyond the simplicity of the state to more insidious forms of discursive versus grand structures of power and control (Deveaux, 1994). Beginning in the 1980s, feminist works inspired by Foucault have explored the disciplinary and normalizing technologies and practices that produce feminine bodies in essentialist and over-deterministic ways (Amigot Pujal, 2009). In a similar vein, Foucault’s writings on sexuality and the discourses that operate to normalize its domination have attracted many feminist theorists. In the History of Sexuality (Volume 1), he pays particular attention to how sexuality shifted within modern regimes of power and the proliferation of discourses that subjectify and produce docile bodies (Deveaux, 1994). In pointing to the culturally constructed nature of these bodies and of sex, Foucault also ruptured the legitimization of essentialism, and it is this idea that remains one of his greatest contributions to feminism (Falzon, OLeary Sawicki, 2013). In many ways, this allowed feminists to challenge modern assumptions about sexuality and the female body which were understood as inevitable and natural (Davies, 2008). Moreover, Foucault’s explication of the socially constructed nature of women’s bodies and sexuality has proven useful for many feminist theorists to expose the falsehood of sexist stereotypes which were profoundly at odds with women’s lived realities (Mills, 2003). The influential work of feminist Sandra Lee Bartky that has prompted a myriad of works from other feminists was premised on a Foucauldian analysis in identifying the ways in which societal and cultural norms about the idealized woman are oppressive to women, regulated through disciplinary practices and industries such as dieting, cosmetics and fashion (Geerts, 2016). By bringing power to the micro level, through the operation of “micro-physics,” feminists were provided with new ways of understanding and challenging it. Rather than viewing power unilinearly, he illuminated the ways in which individuals are both objects and subjects in its operation. For Foucault (1980, p. 98), subjects of power “are not it’s inert or consenting target; they are always the elements of its articulation. In other words, individuals are the vehicles of power, not its points of application. In many of his later writings, he expanded upon the ways in which subjects can be vehicles of power through micro possibilities for resistance. Foucault (1998, p. 95-6) further asserts that resistance exists wherever there is normalisation and domination, and that “if it is exerted on ‘micro levels’ it can be contested on micro levels; there is “no single locus of great Refusal” but a “plurality of resistances” (King, 2004, p. 37). Thus, rather than seek emanc ipation through overturning systems of the state, such as patriarchy and/or capitalism, Foucault provided feminists with a vocabulary of resistance (Mills, 2003) that opened up possibilities of doing and thinking otherwise (Allen, 2013). Problematizing and Reconciling Foucault’s Fragmented Subject While Foucault’s conceptualization of power, subjectivity and resistance resonated among many feminist theorists, others have argued that it is insufficient for feminist ends. More specifically, criticisms have been raised about his lack of elaboration of the practices of and degrees to which liberation are afforded to subjects (Amigot Pujal, 2009). This is particularly problematic for many feminists who reject Foucault’s vision of emancipation, such as Hartsock (1990) who suggests resistance is strained at best by reducing women to ‘docile’ bodies and victims of disciplinary technologies. Moreover, this reduction, coupled with Foucault’s perspective on the micro operation of power has been challenged as decentres the experiences of the subject (i.e. women) as well as goals to challenge systemic injustice and oppression (Deveaux, 1994). In other words, his diffuse conception of power prevents the existences of a localized gendered inequality and an identification of an ope rative antagonism to organize against (Amigot Pujal, 2009). Indeed, challenging the micro exertions of power is a departure from established feminist theoretical traditions. However, by highlighting the complex entanglements with power does not mean that Foucault refutes the existence of power and the importance of resistance altogether (Allen, 2013). In other words, Foucault’s ideas do not deny global situations and systems of domination, such as male domination, but points to the heterogeneity and complexity in the operation of power and in possible modes of resistance (Amigot Pujal, 2009). Thus, for Foucault, regimes of power function to limit, or at times eliminate the range of possible subjectivities and discursive practices available to individuals (Davies, 2008). Moreover, Foucault’s attention to the subject also opens up possibilities for self-agency, enabling reflexive awareness of discursive practices and positionality that was otherwise unavailable (Davies Gannon, 2005). In that reflexivity, and in the range of possible subje ctivities, Foucault also provides a more liberating view of gender in not unitarily positioning all women as powerless all of the time, caused in any simple way by mens possession of unwavering power (Falzon, OLeary Sawicki, 2013). As such, Foucauldian feminist theorists and researchers see change as ‘transformative quest’ as opposed to an emancipatory agenda that aims to expand the range of subjectivities available to women (Baxter, 2008). Another central criticism of Foucault is his fracturing of the subject, as without unified gendered subject, it is difficult, if at all possible to make claims for and political demands on behalf of women (McLaren, 2002). Feminist theories such as Nancy Harstock have voiced some vehement critiques of a destabilized gender subject. As Hartsock (1990, p. 163) asks, “Why is it just at the moment when so many of us who have been silenced begin to demand the right to name ourselves, to act as subjects rather than objects of history, that just then the concept of sujbecthood becomes problematic?” Similarly, Brown (1995) problematizes Foucault’s fragmented subject as it offers no critique of vision of collective struggle, or grounds for activist efforts. In other words, the notion of “womanhood” appears to be indispensable to feminism as it is the fundamental basis of feminist thought, without which there would be no feminism (Francis, 1999). Feminist theorists that have embraced a Foucauldian perspective suggest such critiques are premised upon a limited and exclusionary politics that emerged in feminism’s second-wave. As Butler (1990: 148) aptly notes, “a feminist identity politics that appeals to a fixed feminist subject, presumes, fixes and constrains the very ‘subjects that it hopes to represent and liberate.” To reject such fragmentation would also deny that feminists have discriminated against other women, and that power relations and inequalities exist between women, just as they also exist between women and men (Francis, 2001). It would also ignore an understanding and analysis of the ways in which gendered relations of power intersect with other oppressive regimes, as Third-Wave and postcolonial feminisms have demonstrated (Amigot Pujal, 2009). Furthermore, Foucauldian feminists point out that by illuminating heterogeneity and differences among women, there is a freedom binary constructions, not only of female/male, but those such as gay/straight, Caucasian/racialized, etc. that have been used to grant normalcy, and conversely deviancy and irrationality (Davies Gannon, 2005). As this paper has illustrated, the relationship between Foucault and feminism has been a tenuous one, inciting some of the fractures within the movement itself. Indeed, his critiques of modern conceptions of reason and truth have resulted in a feminist double bind (Allen, 2013). Those that use Foucauldian concepts for feminist aims have found his analyses of the micro workings of power, whether through modern texts, disciplinary or discursive practices helpful to bring about a more complex and inclusive understanding of gender on localized levels. Those that contest his ideas suggest his denial of structural bases of power, and of a shared gendered inequality resulting from such power are insufficient to accomplish any kind of feminist emancipatory ends. While there is no denying that a Foucauldian feminist theory has complicated, if not undermined the possibility of a feminist representational ‘truth,’ and his works are not without flaws, he has offered feminism with an enrich ed and inclusive vision of gender and new tools for understanding and challenging the intricate workings of power. References: Allen, A. (2013, September). Feminism, Foucault, and the critique of reason: Re-reading the history of madness. Foucault Studies, 16, 15-31. Amigot, P. Pujal, M. (2009). On power, freedom, and gender: A fruitful tension between Foucault and feminism. Theory Psychology, 19(5), 646â€"669. Baxter, J. (2008). Feminist post-structuralist discourse Analysis â€" A new theoretical and methodological approach? In K. Harrington, L. Litosseliti, H. Sauntson, J. Sunderland (Eds.), Gender and language research methodologies (pp. 245-255). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Brown, W. (1995). Postmodern exposures, feminist hesitations in states of injury: Power and freedom in late modernity. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble and the subversion of identity. London: Routledge Davies, B. (2008), ‘Re-thinking ‘‘behaviour’’ in terms of positioning and the ethics of responsibility,” in A.M. Phelan and J. Sumsion (Eds.) Critical readings in teacher education: Provoking absences (pp. 173â€"86). Netherlands: Sense Publishers. Davies, B. Gannon, S. (2005). Feminism/Poststructuralism. In B. Somekh C. Lewin (Eds.), Research methods in the social sciences (pp. 318-325). UK: Sage Publishers. Deveaux, M. (1994, Summer). Feminism and Empowerment: A Critical Reading of Foucault Feminist Studies, 20(2), 223-247. Falzon, C., OLeary, T., and Sawicki, J. (2013). Introduction. In C. Falzon, C. O’Leary and J. Sawicki (Eds.). A companion to Foucault (pp 1-7). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Francis, B. (1999). Modernist reductionism of post-structuralist relativism: Can we move on? An evaluation of the arguments in relation to feminist educational research. Gender and Education, 11(4), 381-393. Francis, B. (2001). Beyond postmodernism: Feminist agency in educational research. In B. Francis and C. Skelton (Eds.), Investigating gender: Contemporary perspectives in education (pp. 1-7). Buckingham: Open University Press Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison, trans. A. Sheridan, (Ed.). Harmondsworth: Peregrine. Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977. C. Gordon (Ed.). New York: Pantheon Books.

The Civil Rights Act Of 1964 - 886 Words

Based on the incidents Kim experienced, her lawyer should examine her situation as it pertains to the employment protections and regulations within Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Title VII prohibits public and private employers from discriminating against employees based on national origin, race, color, religion, and gender. These anti-discrimination guidelines apply in every step of the employment process, from the initial recruitment and interviewing to terminating employment. In Kim’s case, her lawyer should examine both Kim’s allegations of employment discrimination and sexual harassment pursuant to Title VII regulations. Employment discrimination as it relates to Kim’s promotion Kim alleges that Nadal College (NC) discriminated against her by promoting her newer, less experienced colleague (Pete) to a position working with male athletes in a living-learning community instead of her. Title VII could potentially classify this as disparate treatment, meaning NC treated her differently than Pete because she is a woman. However, in this case, NC could easily claim being male was a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) because the job involved living and working with male students. In these cases, the law does not consider it discriminatory behavior to hire an employee of a specific sex because being male or female is essential to the job. With this exception in mind, Kim’s lawyer would likely not pursue the employment discrimination argument as itShow MoreRelatedCivil Rights Act of 19641840 Words   |  8 PagesBefore the Civil Rights Act of 1964, segregation in the United States was commonly practiced in many of the Southern and Border States. This segregation while supposed to be separate but equal, was hardly that. Blacks in the South were discriminated against repeatedly while laws did nothing to protect their individual rights. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ridded the nation of this legal segregation and cleared a path towards equality and integration. The passage of this Act, while forever alteringRead More Civil Rights Act of 1964 Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pages The Civil Rights Act of 1964 resulted from one of the most controversial House and Senate debates in history. It was also the biggest piece of civil rights legislation ever passed. The bill actually evolved from previous civil rights bills in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s. The bill passed through both houses finally on July 2, 1964 and was signed into law at 6:55 P.M. EST by President Lyndon Johnson. The act was originally drawn up in 1962 under President Kennedy befor e his assassinationRead MoreEssay on Civil Rights Act of 19646131 Words   |  25 PagesThe Civil Rights Act of 1964 Danielle Endler Human Resources 4050, Spring 2013 Semester Professor David Penkrot May 3, 2013 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is considered by some to be one of the most important laws in American history. (The Most Important Cases, Speeches, Laws Documents in American History) This Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964 and it is a â€Å"comprehensive federal statute aimed at reducing discrimination in public accommodations and employmentRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 1964879 Words   |  4 PagesPresident John F. Kennedy s New Frontier programs, Johnson wanted to expand civil rights and wage war on poverty. More than fifty years later, the effects of the Great Society on American life can still be felt. Civil rights fell under the scope of Johnson s Great Society programs. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a law that ended discrimination in the US at all levels of government. Without the Civil Rights Act of 1964, blacks and other people of color would not have the opportunity to runRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 1964925 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans and even immigrants are afforded their basic civil rights based on the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The act, which was signed into law on July 2, 1964, declared all discrimination for any reason based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin will be deemed illegal in the United States (National Park Service, n.d.). When the act was enacted, people had to become more open minded; more accepting to the various cultures and backgrounds of individuals. Understanding that concept leadsRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 1964848 Words   |  4 PagesVII, Civil Rights Act of 1964, followed by a brief description of person al experiences involving discrimination, and concluding with a reflection as to how the American workforce is protected by law. The writing will cover any ethically related issues, personal thoughts and ideas, and illustrations of how the law pertains directly to personal events, as well as provide direct links to any and all reference material covered under the purpose of this writing. Title VII, Civil Rights Act of 1964 TheRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 19641702 Words   |  7 Pagessubject to, and the subject of, discrimination. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 originally did not include gender in the bill’s wording. Were it not for a backhanded comment made in jest by a backward congressman, women would not have been afforded equal rights protection in employment (Freeman, 1991; 2004). President Harry Truman inaugurated the legal Civil Rights Movement. Though people of color had long been yearning and fighting for their rights, President Truman began this legal process nationallyRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 19641106 Words   |  5 Pages†(Cassanello). The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the most influential event in the Civil Rights Movement because it paved way for ending discrimination and segregation, and giving more rights to African- Americans. During the Civil Rights Movement African- Americans were fighting to get their rights that were being taken away from them little by little. Starting in 1955 and going well into the late 1960’s early 1970’s, African- Americans started to protest against discriminatory laws and acts such as JimRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 1964880 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween conflicting viewpoints are still being faced by Americans today. (Tiona/Claire) Equality for African Americans has made remarkable progress since the approval of the Civil Rights Act, but discrimination continues. A significant step towards racial equality was the Civil Rights Act of 1964, proposed by John F. Kennedy. This act brought an end to segregation in public facilities such as buses, restaurants, hotels, and places of entertainment. It also banned employment discrimination on the termsRead MoreThe Civil Right Act Of 19641072 Words   |  5 PagesTitle VII of the Civil Right Act of 1964, and both under the Disparate Treatment and Disparate Impact. Dunlap feels that he has been discriminated during the interview process. The district court concluded that TVAs subjective hiring process permitted racial bias against the plaintiff and other black job applicants. Tennessee Valley Authorities was found guilty of discrimination against the plaintiff. The Title Vii of the Civil Right Act of 1964 enforces the constitutional right to vote, to confer

The Yellow Wallpaper and the Awakening Comparison

â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a short story telling about a young woman who is eventually driven mad by the society. The narrator is apparently confused with the norm defining â€Å"true† and â€Å"good† woman constructed by society dominated by man. â€Å"The Awakening† addressed the social, scientific, and cultural landscape of the country and the undergoing of radical changes. Each of these stories addresses the issue of women’s rights and how they were treated in the late 19th century. â€Å"The Awakening† explores one womans desire to find and live fully within her true self. Her devotion to that purpose caused friction between her friends and family, and also conflicts with the dominant values of her time. Upper and middle-class women in that era†¦show more content†¦Surely, she craved to write—meaning to work here—endangered her husband’s position as an authority. He would not have control any longer toward the narrator—his wife. In the 19th century upper class and middle class women were not expected to earn their own living. Women rarely had careers and most professions refused entry to women. In the middle of the 19th century it was virtually impossible for women to become doctors, engineers, architects, accountants or bankers. After a long struggle the medical profession allowed women to become doctors. It was not until 1910 that women were allowed to become accountants and bankers. However, there were still no women diplomats, barristers or judges. Women were allowed to become teachers majority of women became teaches but this was also a low paying job. The narrator of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper had to write her journal secretly, when nobody was around her. She herself thought that she needed to write. â€Å"Personally I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me good† and â€Å"I think sometimes that if I were only well enough to write a little it would relieve the press of ideas and rest me.† However she was not free to do that. In â€Å"The Awakening† the narrator’s husband encouraged her to paint because a family friend who happens to be a doctor recommends that he continue to let her paint. The narrator in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† had a mentalShow MoreRelatedA Comparison Of The Awakening And The Yellow Wallpaper796 Words   |  4 Pagesnineteenth century, most everyone was blinded to any but two possibilities in respect to women s role in society. In The Awakening and The Yellow Wallpaper, the two main characters are women who have begun to see a spectrum unimaginable to those around them. Unfortunately, because the world remains engrossed in black and white, any additional hues, Edna Pontellier and the narrator of the Yellow Wall paper, become lost - not only to society but also to themselves. Each supporting character in these novelsRead MoreWomen Vs. Oppression : The Continuous Struggle For Equality1590 Words   |  7 Pagestheir power in society and put an end to patriarchal abuse and oppression. Women believe that although they are divided by class, race, ethnicity and religion, they experience the same oppression by men. In The Awakening and â€Å"Th e Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman examples of the intolerable societal â€Å"rules† implemented on women and their struggle to overcome these inhumane conditions are all discussed in these texts. Social feminist find it discouragingRead More Controversial Views in Kate Chopins The Awakening Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesControversial Views in Kate Chopins The Awakening Kate Chopins The Awakening is truly a novel that stands out from the rest. From the moment it was published, it has been caused women to examine their beliefs. The fact that The Awakening was shunned when first published, yet now taught in classrooms across the country is proof that The Awakening is full of rebellious and controversial ideas. One of the main themes explored in The Awakening is that of a womans place in societyRead More A Feminist in Action in The Yellow Wallpaper1779 Words   |  8 Pages   The Yellow Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, depicts a woman in isolation, struggling to cope with mental illness, which has been diagnosed by her husband, a physician.     Going beyond this surface level, the reader sees the narrator as a developing feminist, struggling with the societal values of the time.   As a woman writer in the late nineteenth century, Gilman herself felt the adverse effects of the male-centric society, and consequently, placed many allusions to her own personal strugglesRead MoreDescriptive Essay : Sleep, My Mother 1737 Words   |  7 Pagesdriven this way before, we meandered through a forest of tightknit trees surrounded by elephantine canyons walls, who cast shadows with a majestic leer. I leaned my face against the glass and traced the outline of my reflection against the blur of yellow and green outside. Sitting in silence, I listened as the radio buzzed quietly in confusion and the occasional burst of a rushing car intruded on our peace. I crossed my arms in front of me and focused my eyes on the surrounding wilderness. My eyelidsRead MoreMedia Magic Making Class Invisible2198 Words   |  9 PagesKill A Mockingbird: Who Are The People That Scout Comes To Un (13 June) Beowulf (13 June) Dead Poets Society Essay (13 June) Disney (13 June) Macbeth (12 June) The Awakening (12 June) The Dmv (12 June) The Sounstrack (12 June) Applying Quantitative Marketing Techniques To The Internet (12 June) The Yellow Wallpaper: A Stifling Relationship (12 June) Popular English papers Malcom X The Ballot Or The Bullet Analysis (views: 1566) Hard Times - Sissy Jupe (views: 815) Class InRead MoreAutobilography of Zlatan Ibrahimovic116934 Words   |  468 Pagessomewhere Limhamn’s types, high class kids. I felt like I was from Mars. Not only because dad didn’t had a big villa and never came to my games. I talked differently. I dribbled. I exploded like a bomb, and I fought on the pitch. One time I got a yellow card for yelling at my team mates. â€Å"You can’t do that!† the ref said. â€Å"You can also go fuck yourself†, I shouted and was shown the red card. The Swedes started to talk. Their parents wanted my out of there, and I thought for the thousand time:Read MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesHowever, it may take several instructions on one computer model to accomplish what one instruction can do on another computer model. Thus, the use of MIPS ratings has largely gone out of favor because of the â€Å"apples and oranges† nature of the comparisons of MIPS ratings across classes of computers. Another speed rating used is MegaFLOPS or MFLOPS—millions of floating point operations per second. These ratings are derived by running a particular set of programs in a particular language on the

Business Concept Free Essays

CRITIQUE THE BUSINESS CONCEPTS, AND MAKE SUGGESTION IMPROVEMENT 1. The Company Goal Are To Provide A High Quality Dry Cleaning Service That Is Both Reliable And Convenient. Cities targeted are those surrounded by the suburbs where people commute via mass transit. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Concept or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the ease in which customers will drop-off and pick-up dry cleaning they will be placed at the site where passengers meet their train or bus into the city (i. . , park-and-ride locations and commuter train station). Due to only a few locations can be rented, for other locations that may not have existing facilities and pick-up and drop-off booths will be built to facilitate this service. Improvements must be made in the amount of room in the station building or just need to be wide to accommodate racks for hanging dry cleaning are completion. 2. Hub-And-Spoke System. 3. Most of The Hiring Will Be Targeted To Area College Student. In terms of quality time, college students are the best candidates to be employees, this is because college students have different schedules and classes are sometimes held at noon, 10:00 to 3:00. Thus, the service offers same day service can be implemented. But disadvantages if college students are targets for recruitment, they can only work for 3 hours. To improve the business concept, the supply will get overtime pay and the provision of additional accommodation for the students who want to work overtime. 4. The First Shift Of Drop-Off Station Workers Will Begin At 6. 00 Am And Finish 9. 00 Pm. In the beginning, two shifts of workers will be needed to facilitate the transit station. Only a van driver at any time will be given. In expand their business, additional vans are available and additional drivers will be hired to launch a business. How to cite Business Concept, Essay examples

TOSCO MARKETING COMPANY Essays - Petroleum Products,

TOSCO MARKETING COMPANY Quality control comes in many forms. For some it is following a specific philosophy, such as those developed by Demming or Juran. For others it is achieving a specific degree of merit as that established by the Malcolm Baldridge Awards, or International Standard Organizations (ISO). However, the petroleum industry as a whole has compromised, shifted, and remained adaptable to an ever-changing world filled with government regulations and restrictions. The negative environmental impact of the petroleum industry is either not understood, grossly downplayed, or it is blatantly ignored. Government agencies have amended and abolished amendments in many of their policies so quickly that establishing best practices is nearly impossible. However, one thing in the petroleum industry remains the same. Safety is a key quality concept that must be adhered to. Tosco Corporation made a bad name for itself by ignoring certain safety issues. Quality control in the safety department was ineffective, and people died because of their neglect. Only recently have they outsourced the development of their safety program to Dupont. Introduction to Government Standards The Department of Energy (DOE) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) require an insurmountable amount of data, reports, testing, and auditing to ensure the compliance of all U.S. Oil Companies around the world. The most recent concern regarding the petroleum industry is that of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE's) that are put in our fuel. Early on it was believed that adding MTBE's to fuel would result in cleaner burning gasoline. However, according to the "Ground Water Monitor" small amounts seeped into the ground water and caused an unacceptable amount of contamination. The conception of MTBE's was in 1967 with the passage of the Clean Air Act. This is the primary statute governing air quality in the United States. It assigns responsibilities to government and industry to reduce emissions from pollution sources such as automobiles, refineries, chemical plants, and power plants. However, it seems as though every solution to meet the stringent requirements poses another problem. The Clean Air Act has been amended several times, and most recently it is to be amended to ban MTBE's by the year 2002. Many of the large oil companies, including Tosco Corp., have already made plans to completely remove MTBE's from their fuel production (MTBE's have already been removed from Connecticut fuel production). Currently the EPA requires operators of facilities handling a regulated substance that exceeded a threshold quantity to prepare a Risk Management Plan (RMP). However, According to Hydrocarbon Processing (Nov 1997), it is the EPA's intention to implement a nationwide standard in accordance with policies specified by ISO 14001 (an International Organization Standard related to environmentally hazardous materials). REFINERY OPERATIONS Most people do not understand the complete process involved with fuel production. However, it is necessary to understand when the quality control of the product or the operation is being analyzed. A Refinery is a factory that cost billions to build, millions to maintain, and they run around the clock 365 days per year. They create the basis for many of the products that we see and/or use daily. The following is a short list of some of those products: ? Ammonia ? Bubble Gum ? Crayons ? Denture Adhesive ? Eyeglass Frames ? Eyeglass frames ? Plastics ? Antiseptics ? Floor Polish ? Guitar Strings ? Heart Valves ? Paint ? Mascara To put it simply, there are three basic steps that can be clearly identified in the production process. The first step is the separation of the petroleum. The next step is the conversion process so that definitive boundaries between the types of petroleum can be set. Last is the treatment of the finished product. Separation is as simple as separating the heavy and the light petroleum. Inside the towers the liquids and vapors are separated into fractions according to weight and boiling point. The lightest fractions are what we all know as "liquid petroleum gas" or LPG's. Medium weight liquids are turned into diesel fuel and kerosene. The tar like fraction, or "residuum" comes from the bottom of the barrel. Most of this is what is used to make plastics and other products. The most complicated step in the refinement of petroleum occurs in the "conversion" stage. The most widely used method of conversion is call "cracking" or "Hydrocracking." Once again, this is using heat and pressure to crack heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter

Impact of e-commerce strategies on Easyjet Sales The WritePass Journal

Impact of e-commerce strategies on Easyjet Sales Introduction: Impact of e-commerce strategies on Easyjet Sales Introduction:Approaches focussed:Divisions of approaches and applies: Merits and demerits of approaches:ConclusionReferenceRelated Introduction: Easy jet is an European airline which was launched in 1995 by its founder Greekcy Priot   Stelios Haji-Loannou. It was started with two wet leased Boeing like 737-200 aircrafts and today it operates 196 aircrafts with 20 buses all over around the Europe. It carried 45.2 million passengers in the year of 2009 which made it as a second largest low cost European airline behind Ryanair. In 2002, Easy jet bought London Stansted based Go airline  £ 374 million (easy-jet.com). Go was the low cost scheduled passenger airline which provides service within the Europe. The main reason behind this acquisition was profitable and established airline with strong growing aspects that reveals a year to year increase of 232 per cent. Nearly 90% of sales in Easy jet are online from this website. There are two significant features based on its success are: low price and E- commerce strategies .The purpose of this Easy jet‘s, online the presence of information’s and procedures to sketch and propose suggestion on the progression involved in creating a booming online presence( David Cynthia1999). Apart from this it will define its approaches for its significant success of industry. In this paper, we will first discuss about the approaches and it applies. Then based on PESETEL framework we will find out the reason for applying. And in final the merits and demerits approaches in order to discuss about the alternatives approaches for easy jet. The above figure shows out about the airlines point which tells the increasing and decreasing of online analysis. As airline industry it was first an upstart one which later tipped to be failed later (Johnson, Scholes Whittington 2008). An online pamphlet website is debatably best than anything. For instance, to attain more profit many organizations presence the society, community, discussion and contented into Easy jet online website [1]Camerer, C, (1985),. No wonder that, easy jet online sales strategy has made a significant success. Based on this success strategy we will see the two main approaches which are used in this research are: internal company and external company. This approaches precepts more preparation, planning and ideas with precise and clear understanding to reach the perfect goals of company strategy. In order to bud a better online sales we need to concentrate in certain task like forecasting, ease of steering, a well-built reception, implementing text with suitab ility for web, advertising , testing and accessing the goal for   success way. Approaches focussed: For example, the internalities of company can be focussed in terms by (i) Direct sales approach (ii) website designs and merges. Whereas   the externalities of companies like (i) density (ii) attraction of point to point networks towards consumers (iii) increasing in confidentiality and (iv) strong intense towards brand and advertising. Based on the above approaches we can define the following aspects into ten divisions. Divisions of approaches and applies: First of all Easy jet concepts is to provide a low fare for the route and optimise the saving cost methods. This is the main advantages for the easy jet in terms of comparison with other competitors because it does not consists of any luxury acts in terms of high class seat and all it just provides everything in a simple pricing structure. For example, if you book the tickets earlier you need to pay less. This attracts the consumers in terms of gaining a sensible price( Tony Morden 1993). Secondly, selling the tickets in online reduces the customers to get rid of from the counter because they are booking the tickets through email. So just an confirmation number is needed on screen, so that more complex issues in fulfilment of sales to distribution or warehouse, logistics to worry about the sale that had happened (Pritchard, 2002). Thirdly, Easy jet does not utilize outsourcing approach as it applies a direct sales strategy. For example, the customers directly pay with the payments so no commissions and intermediaries problems in terms of extra pay so that, the increases in sale of internet pay will be more than before at the same time. Fourthly, the website designs are appropriate. For example, it is mentioned in the case study that orange colour is necessary for the convenience of customers. This can avoid the wrong booking date and spell by the customers in rather terms of implying the correct low cost ticket( Pritchard , 2002); instead of high design the website mainly focuses on the speed and simplicity so that , they can efficiently provide good services to the customers. The below figure tells the seat rates when the customers books ticket earlier. These are also efficient in customer service. Fifthly, Easy jet pushes out the sales percentage of an internet penetration through the way of carrots and sticks. Carrot means to attract the customers in the guise of discounts and inventory which were booked in a online. Stick means to restrict the flights available to customers on a phone which applies a simple price structure. The more the early they book the less will the cost for the tickets. This provides a milestone like millions seats which were sold online to attract the consumer.   Sixthly, the customers confidences are increased when they book in the online it ensure the security to the data. This reaches the high brand in terms of awareness with consumers and supported by innovative advertising ( Easy jet 2002) . To ensure such type of the security we have to store the customer data in a web platform (Pritchard, 2002).   Seventhly, Easy jet applies to the Microsoft technologies which are more convenient, affordable, ease and focusing resources on a single skill to support the business need. Eighthly, Easy jet merged with go and working on full support in order to jump it as a transaction volume. It applies a great stress and capacity planning to ensure its ready in terms of volume (Pritchard 2002). Ninthly ,According to Easy jet annual report of 2002/2003 it utilise the dense point to pint the network with link major airports with an large attachments areas , so it remains in high level frequency for business and leisure travellers. In this consumers will be more for online booking. Finally, Easy Jet is busy working on intranet projects discussion forums, feedback forms, so the senior managers know about staff’s intensity (Pritchard, 2002). This approach makes employee relations in an effective way and void industrial action (e.g. Cabin Crew strikes) and interrupted operations. Over view of PESTEL analysis: Political factors: it decides the deregulation of European flight market in 1997, theResult for this is any airline can operate any route within the European Union. Before, the market for flight was largely controlled by the governments of European countries, trying to secure their respective national carriers market share (Geiger et al., 2009). According to The Times, the development of freedom of movement and trade in the European Union has led to greater levels of completion on European routes coupled with increased movement of people. These enable Easy Jet to offer the route between any point in the European Union. For example the countries like Iraq with an unstable political Environment may cause restrictions and the uncertainty of air travellers; the United Kingdom and European countries have a stable political environment. Economic factors: Back to 1998 the Easy Jet applied E- commerce strategy, as the world economy grew and the development of global economy, the demand of air travels increased rapidly. But the cost of fuel has increased recent years, therefore efficient financial management of fuel reserves including trading with options and futures is getting more and more important to keep cost down and be competitive in the market place. And because the global economy recession, the air travel is affected, but on the other hand easy Jet focus on Low cost strategy which became attractive to travellers. Social factors: Lifestyle, tastes and fashions are all changing; customers require opportunities to visit new and interesting, haul, destination (Oxford IS, 2010).Because of this economy recession the number of unemployment has increased and the bargaining power as an employer has increased. So low fare air travel has a significant travellers. So it is important to ensure customer comfortableness. Technological factors: There are two main technology issues involved: modern aircraft and Internet technology. According to the Times, modern aircraft are safer and economic to run in cheap as possible. With the development of Internet, airlines can easily realize direct Sale approach, and also it takes benefits to both customers and the company. For the customers, it would be efficient and easy to purchase the tickets and confirm through email. In same time we can book hotels and other things. As a result, it improves the customer satisfaction in terms of convenience. Environment factors: The company needs to pay attention to the noise pollution control and energy consumption control that required by the government, and it may increase the operation cost. Consumers are becoming aware of the environmental impact of their actions (British Airway, 2009) and it started to get increase among them. So the failure of adopting a protect environment strategy may affect the company income and reputation. Legal factors: According to Open Skies Agreement (AEA, 2009), it provides the opportunity for airlines freely transport between the European Union and the Unite State. It increases the opportunity for easy Jet to expense the network and attract more travellers. The recognition of trade unions and industrial action (e.g. Cabin Crew strikes) is an important issue the company needs to pay attention to. So it is necessary for the company to know the feeling of staffs to remain good employee relations. Through the PESTEL analysis we can find that the approaches of Easy Jet has used in the creation of online sale which are suitable for the vision of the company. This develops the strength of largest low cost airline in European country (Easy Jet, 2003). Merits and demerits of approaches: Figure 1 and 2 illustrates the financial performance of Easy Jet since 2000 to 2010. The strategies applied have made a positive impaction on the sales and the number of passengers’ increases every year, especially in 2003 after merging with Go. I think there are five main advantages by applying the approaches: more customers, customer satisfaction, wider geography, high efficiency and cost saving. Through the low strategy planning the Easy jet wins in terms of quality. To access the online booking of Easy jet it is very simple and also customer can book hotel and transport through this website while booking the tickets. It offers a better and convenient service to customer which can increase the customer satisfaction. As Easy Jet maximize the using of e-commerce, it enables a wider geography for the tickets that can be booked online.. For example, customer can get all the travel information such as time, price, and so on the Internet, so the call centre agent does not need to cover each Item for every customer. It saves the workload of the company and makes more efficient. As this applied for the direct sale approach and the majority sale of tickets is through Internet, the cost for operation is been decreased. It needs not to be re-located to a larger facility .Through these approaches we have made a big success but there are some disadvantages which needs to pay attention like offer of low fare tickets, fuel prices increase, and this will affect the profit from the increased fuel costs. As we know, 90% of sales are generated from its website, so Internet and information system play a very important roles for the sale. It will be a disaster if the system crash or customers cannot access Internet, as the company would face big loss and impact the reputation of company. To void such disadvantages, the alternative approach is to reinforce the distributors to balance the ticket sale approaches. Instead of direct sale and sale most of the tickets through Internet, Easy jet can apply outsourcing strategy to corporate with intermediaries. With a balance tick ets sale system, the risk and loss will be minimized when the internet system does not work. Conclusion Thus from the above case study and analysis we conclude that   Easy Jet has become one of the largest low cost airlines in Europe with 90% sale online. And through this case study, we can also notice that information system has a significant impact on the process of strategy management. Based on the case study, we can conclude that there are three aspects that information system affects strategic management: reach new customers, Easy Jet applied online ticket sail which helps to reach wider geography customers. The business information is processed efficiently and lower cost for the operation change the industry structure, the fast and accurate information can affect the industry structure, especially when high information content is required. For instance, the information system does not need to establish new call centres for the increasing sale. So the provision of effective information system is therefore an important part of the corporate strategic task (Lynch, 2006). Reference Camerer, C, (1985), â€Å"Redirecting Research in Business Policy and Strategy†, Journal of Strategic Management, Volume 6. Harvard business review. (1999). Corporate strategy . Harvard business school press Johnson, G. , Scholes, K. Richard Whittington (2008). Exploring Corporate Strategy. 8th ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall. Pearson Education. Lynch, R. (2006). Corporate Strategy. 4th ed. Harlow: Prentice Hall. Easy Jet. (2011). Easy Jet to become North West’s largest airline – Over 4 million passengers a year.easyjet.com/EN/News/largest_airline_in_the_north_west.html. Accessed 27.02.11. Easy Jet. (2011). Low cost, care and convenience. http://corporate.easyjet.com/en/about†easyjet.aspx. Accessed 27.02.11. The Times. (2011). Economic conditions. thetimes100.co.uk/theory/theory†Ã¢â‚¬ economic†conditions†Ã¢â‚¬ 362.php. Accessed   28.02.11. Oxford Information Services. (2010). An analysis of British Airways Marketing Environment. coursework.biz/Essays/University/Business_Studies/115/. Accessed 28.02.11. British Airways. (2009). Strategic Report 2009. scribd.com/doc/23329171/British†Airways†Strategic†Plan. Accessed 02.03.11. Reachlive. (2002). Interview with Simon Pritchard of easyJet. reachlive.net/interviews/Q4†02/Simon_Pritchard.htm. Accessed 02.03.11 Tony Morden (1993).Business strategy and Planning. McGraw- hill book company ltd. [/level-freee-rstricted]

An English Language Dialogue About Prescriptions

An English Language Dialogue About Prescriptions Students and teachers can use the following short description of prescriptions in order to expand and check common English usage of terms relating to medical prescriptions, as well as treatments.   A prescription is written by a doctor to give patients medicine needed to alleviate symptoms or stabilize a medical condition that might be chronic in nature. The prescription is written by a physician in order to tell the pharmacist which medication is required. These often include a number of prescription abbreviations. Prescriptions vs. Recommendations Prescriptions are used for medications that a doctor feels is necessary for treatment. These are legal documents that are required in order to receive medicine which is prepared by the pharmacist in a pharmacy. Recommendations, on the other hand, are courses of action that a doctor feels will be helpful for the patient. These could include simple daily tasks such as taking a walk or eating more fruits and vegetables.   Dialogue: Giving A Prescription Patient: †¦ what about the problems Ive been having sleeping?Doctor: Im going to give you a prescription for some medicine to help you get a better nights sleep. Patient: Thank you doctor.Doctor: Here, you can get this prescription at any pharmacy. Patient: How often should I take the medicine?Doctor: Just take one pill about 30 minutes before you go to bed. Patient: How long should I take them?Doctor: The prescription is for thirty days. If youre not sleeping well after thirty days, Id like you to come back in. Patient: Is there anything else I can do to help me sleep at night?Doctor: Dont worry so much about things at work. I know, I know... easier said than done. Patient: Should I stay home from work?Doctor: No, I dont think thats necessary. Just remember to stay calm. Understanding Prescriptions Prescriptions Include: Patient identifier: first and last name of the patient, as well as the date of birth (DOB)Medication (also named drug): The medicine that is prescribed  Strength: How strong the medication prescribed is (50 mg, 100 mg, etc.)Amount: How often the patient should take the medicineHow much: Number of pills, tablets, etc. provided  Frequency: How often the patient should take the medicine  Route: How the patient should take the medicine (by mouth, topical, sublingual, etc.).  Refills: How often the prescription should be renewed  Signature: Signature of the physician writing the prescriptionDate: The day on which the prescription was written Key Vocabulary amount how muchchronic recurring, happening again and againdrug idiomatic term used to refer to medicineeasier said than done not easy to dofrequency how often something is done  medical condition illness, sickness, diseasemedication medicinepatient identifier information that identifies a patientpharmacist person who has a license to prepare medications for patientspharmacy licensed store which sells medicine that requires a prescriptionphysician doctorprescription order from a doctor for medicineto refill to provide medicine again based on a prescription  route how medicine should be takenstrength how strong the medicine issublingual under the tongueto alleviate to make easier, to relieveto get a good nights sleep to sleep enough to feel restedtopical placed on the skinto stabilize to make regular  to stay calm to be relaxed  to take a pill to take medicine by mouth